To clarify the functions of nitric oxide (NO) induced by either neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) or endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) after transient cerebral ischemia, we investigated the effects of l-N⁵-(1-iminoethyl)ornithine (l-NIO), a relatively selective eNOS inhibitor, and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a relatively selective nNOS inhibitor, on hippocampal dysfunction caused by cerebral ischemia. We measured mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), hippocampal blood flow, direct current (DC) potential, CA1 population spike (PS) and extracellular concentrations of glutamate from rat hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia, which was induced by four-vessel occlusion for 10 min. l-NIO (20 mg/kg) and 7-NI (25 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 20 min before ischemia. l-NIO, but not 7-NI, increased MABP before, during and after ischemia, compared with the vehicle group. 7-NI, but not l-NIO, reduced the amplitude of anoxic depolarization induced by ischemia. 7-NI recovered the PS amplitude in part 60 min after ischemia. 7-NI, but not l-NIO, reduced the ischemia-induced levels of glutamate. These results indicate that nNOS inhibition with 7-NI improves, at least in part, hippocampal dysfunction after ischemia, while eNOS inhibition with l-NIO worsens it.